Preoperative Mouthwash in Subjects with Different Periodontal Status: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: The effects of three preoperative mouthwashes on salivary bacterial levels were evaluated and compared between subjects with differing periodontal status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on periodontal parameters, periodontally healthy individuals (n = 60) and those with gingivitis (n = 60) and periodontitis (n = 60) were randomly assigned to a single preoperative dose of chlorhexidine (CHX), essential oils (EO), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) or negative control mouthwashes. Saliva samples were collected between 8:00 and 11:00 a.m., before and after a single-dose rinse with the respective mouthwash. Total bacterial load and levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and Streptococcus oralis were determined by qPCR. Data were statistically analysed using paired t- and Student's t-tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS: CHX, EO and CPC showed greater antimicrobial efficacy than did the negative control. CHX [1226445.53] and EO [1743639.38] provided greater reductions in comparison to both CPC [106302.96] and negative control [37852.46]). CHX provided greater reductions of simultaneous levels of Pg [106326.00], Td [3335841] and Tf [61557.47] in the healthy group, as did EO in the diseased groups. CPC provided the greatest reduction [3775319.36] in the periodontitis group. CONCLUSION: Periodontal status influenced the antimicrobial efficacy of preoperative mouthwashes. Therefore, periodontal status should be taken into consideration by clinicians. The antimicrobial efficacy differed among the agents tested. CHX and EO showed the greatest efficacy. The recognition of periodontal condition by clinicians is mandatory to select the most effective preoperative mouthwash.

Clinical and microbiological evaluation of non-surgical periodontal therapy in obese and non-obese individuals with periodontitis: a 9-month prospective longitudinal study.

Objective Obesity is a chronic disease that negatively affects an individual's general and oral health. The present study aimed to compare the clinical and microbiological effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy with the full mouth disinfection (FMD) protocol on obese and non-obese individuals at 9 months post-therapy. Methodology This clinical study was first submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee. Fifty-five obese patients and 39 non-obese patients with periodontitis were evaluated. The full-mouth periodontal clinical parameters, clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI), were monitored at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months after periodontal treatment with full mouth disinfection (FMD) protocol. The mean count of Tannerella forsythia , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Treponema Denticola , and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction on subgingival biofilm samples. Demographic data were assessed by Chi-square test. For clinical and microbiological parameters, two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA was used. Results In both groups, periodontal therapy using the one-stage full-mouth disinfection protocol significantly improved CAL, PD, GI, and PI (p<0.05). Obese and non-obese patients equally responded to non-surgical periodontal therapy (p>0.05). Microbial count found no major differences (p>0.05) between obese and non-obese individuals who had undergone non-surgical periodontal therapy. Conclusions Obesity did not affect the clinical and microbiological outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and JP2 outcomes related to clinical status over 6 years under periodontal maintenance therapy.

OBJECTIVE: This 6-year study evaluatedAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans outcomes and their relationship to clinical status. DESIGN: From the eligible individuals (23-70 years of age), 31 regular compliers (between-visit interval < 6 months) were randomly selected and matched for age/sex with 31 irregular compliers (between-visit interval > 6 months). Periodontal clinical examination and subgingival samples were obtained 5 times: T1 (baseline), T2 (after active periodontal therapy), T3 (2 years), T4 (4 years), and T5 (6 years). Total bacteria load, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and red complex species Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola levels were determined by qPCR while PCR was used to determine the occurrence of the a-b-c-d-e-f-g serotypes and the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Data between groups was compared over time. RESULTS: At baseline PCR revealed A. actinomycetemcomitans prevalence of 9.7 % and JP2 prevalence of 6.7 %. A. actinomycetemcomitans qPCR levels were higher among individuals < 35 years of age and increased at T2 in irregular compliers. At in irregular compliers at the three follow-up visits. Serotypes a, d, and f showed greater values in at least one follow-up visit in regular compliers. A. actinomycetemcomitans showed negative correlation with probing depth (PD) while serotype b showed negative correlations with PD, PI, clinical attachment level and red complex. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinally, compliance during PMT contributed to lower A. actinomycetemcomitans levels with some degree of correlation with clinical status. However, this study failed to report any positive effect on the occurrence of the most virulent representatives, i.e. serotype b and the JP2 clone.

Clinical and microbiological evaluation of non-surgical periodontal therapy in obese and non-obese individuals with periodontitis: a 9-month prospective longitudinal study

Abstract Objective Obesity is a chronic disease that negatively affects an individual's general and oral health. The present study aimed to compare the clinical and microbiological effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy with the full mouth disinfection (FMD) protocol on obese and non-obese individuals at 9 months post-therapy. Methodology This clinical study was first submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee. Fifty-five obese patients and 39 non-obese patients with periodontitis were evaluated. The full-mouth periodontal clinical parameters, clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI), were monitored at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months after periodontal treatment with full mouth disinfection (FMD) protocol. The mean count of Tannerella forsythia , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Treponema Denticola , and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction on subgingival biofilm samples. Demographic data were assessed by Chi-square test. For clinical and microbiological parameters, two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA was used. Results In both groups, periodontal therapy using the one-stage full-mouth disinfection protocol significantly improved CAL, PD, GI, and PI (p<0.05). Obese and non-obese patients equally responded to non-surgical periodontal therapy (p>0.05). Microbial count found no major differences (p>0.05) between obese and non-obese individuals who had undergone non-surgical periodontal therapy. Conclusions Obesity did not affect the clinical and microbiological outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy.

The effects of essential oil mouthrinses with or without alcohol on plaque and gingivitis: a randomized controlled clinical study.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of several variants of essential oil mouthrinses has been studied extensively. This is the first study to compare the anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis efficacy of two marketed essential oil mouthrinses: one is an alcohol containing mouthrinse and the other one is an alcohol-free mouthrinse. METHODS: This examiner-blind, parallel-group study randomized subjects to three groups: 1) Mechanical Oral Hygiene (MOH) only; 2) MOH plus Alcohol-Containing essential oil Mouthrinse (ACM); 3) MOH plus Alcohol-Free essential oil Mouthrinse (AFM). Primary endpoint was whole-mouth mean Modified Gingival Index (MGI) at six months. Secondary endpoints included whole-mouth mean MGI at one and three months, and whole-mouth mean Plaque Index (PI) and whole-mouth mean Bleeding Index (BI) at one, three and six months. Safety assessments were conducted at all time points. RESULTS: A total of 370 subjects were enrolled; 348 subjects completed the study. After six months, subjects using essential oil mouthrinses with or without alcohol showed significant reduction (p < 0.001) in gingivitis (28.2% and 26.7%, respectively) and significant reduction (p < 0.001) in plaque (37.8% and 37.0%, respectively), compared to those performing MOH only. Significant reductions in MGI, PI, and BI (p < 0.001) were observed at one and three months and also at six months for mean BI. No statistically significant differences were observed for all measured indices between ACM and AFM groups at any time point. Both mouthrinses were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were observed in the efficacy of ACM and AFM to reduce plaque and gingivitis, when used in addition to MOH, over six months. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov on November 30, 2016. The registration number is NCT02980497 .

Effects of chlorhexidine preprocedural rinse on bacteremia in periodontal patients: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Single dose of systemic antibiotics and short-term use of mouthwashes reduce bacteremia. However, the effects of a single dose of preprocedural rinse are still controversial. This study evaluated, in periodontally diseased patients, the effects of a pre-procedural mouth rinse on induced bacteremia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systemically healthy individuals with gingivitis (n=27) or periodontitis (n = 27) were randomly allocated through a sealed envelope system to: 0.12% chlorhexidine pre-procedural rinse (13 gingivitis and 13 periodontitis patients) or no rinse before dental scaling (14 gingivitis and 15 periodontitis patients). Periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque, and gingival indices were measured and subgingival samples were collected. Blood samples were collected before dental scaling, 2 and 6 minutes after scaling. Total bacterial load and levels of P. gingivalis were determined in oral and blood samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction, while aerobic and anaerobic counts were determined by culture in blood samples. The primary outcome was the antimicrobial effect of the pre-procedural rinse. Data was compared by Mann-Whitney and Signal tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: In all sampling times, polymerase chain reaction revealed higher blood bacterial levels than culture (p<0.0001), while gingivitis patients presented lower bacterial levels in blood than periodontitis patients (p<0.0001). Individuals who experienced bacteremia showed worse mean clinical attachment level (3.4 mm vs. 1.1 mm) and more subgingival bacteria (p<0.005). The pre-procedural rinse did not reduce induced bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteremia was influenced by periodontal parameters. In periodontally diseased patients, pre-procedural rinsing showed a discrete effect on bacteremia control.

Effects of chlorhexidine preprocedural rinse on bacteremia in periodontal patients: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: Single dose of systemic antibiotics and short-term use of mouthwashes reduce bacteremia. However, the effects of a single dose of preprocedural rinse are still controversial. This study evaluated, in periodontally diseased patients, the effects of a pre-procedural mouth rinse on induced bacteremia. Material and Methods: Systemically healthy individuals with gingivitis (n=27) or periodontitis (n = 27) were randomly allocated through a sealed envelope system to: 0.12% chlorhexidine pre-procedural rinse (13 gingivitis and 13 periodontitis patients) or no rinse before dental scaling (14 gingivitis and 15 periodontitis patients). Periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque, and gingival indices were measured and subgingival samples were collected. Blood samples were collected before dental scaling, 2 and 6 minutes after scaling. Total bacterial load and levels of P. gingivalis were determined in oral and blood samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction, while aerobic and anaerobic counts were determined by culture in blood samples. The primary outcome was the antimicrobial effect of the pre-procedural rinse. Data was compared by Mann-Whitney and Signal tests (p<0.05). Results: In all sampling times, polymerase chain reaction revealed higher blood bacterial levels than culture (p<0.0001), while gingivitis patients presented lower bacterial levels in blood than periodontitis patients (p<0.0001). Individuals who experienced bacteremia showed worse mean clinical attachment level (3.4 mm vs. 1.1 mm) and more subgingival bacteria (p<0.005). The pre-procedural rinse did not reduce induced bacteremia. Conclusions: Bacteremia was influenced by periodontal parameters. In periodontally diseased patients, pre-procedural rinsing showed a discrete effect on bacteremia control.

Frequency of periodontal pathogens and Helicobacter pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals submitted to bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional study compared the frequency of oral periodontopathogens and H. pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals with or without periodontitis submitted to bariatric surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty-four men and women aged 18-65 were conveniently distributed into four groups. Two groups were composed of individuals who underwent bariatric surgery with (BP) (n=40) and without (BNP) (n=39) periodontitis and two obese control groups with (CP) (n=35) and without (CNP) (n=40) periodontitis. The oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Parvimonas micra, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, and Helicobacter pylori were detected by a polymerase chain reaction technique using saliva, tongue and stomach biopsy samples. RESULTS: Statistical analysis demonstrated that periodontopathogens were highly frequent in the mouth (up to 91.4%). In the bariatric surgically treated group, orally, P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia were more frequent in periodontitis, while C. rectus was more frequent in non-periodontitis subjects. Stomach biopsies also revealed the high frequency of five oral species in both candidates for bariatric surgery (91.6%) and the bariatric (83.3%) groups. H. pylori was frequently detected in the mouth (50.0%) and stomach (83.3%). In the stomach, oral species and H. pylori appeared in lower frequency in the bariatric group. CONCLUSIONS: Obese individuals showed high frequencies of periodontopathogens and H. pylori in their mouths and stomachs. Bariatric surgery showed an inverse microbial effect on oral and stomach environments by revealing higher oral and lower stomach bacterial frequencies.

Frequency of periodontal pathogens and Helicobacter pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals submitted to bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Objectives This cross-sectional study compared the frequency of oral periodontopathogens and H. pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals with or without periodontitis submitted to bariatric surgery. Material and Methods One hundred and fifty-four men and women aged 18-65 were conveniently distributed into four groups. Two groups were composed of individuals who underwent bariatric surgery with (BP) (n=40) and without (BNP) (n=39) periodontitis and two obese control groups with (CP) (n=35) and without (CNP) (n=40) periodontitis. The oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Parvimonas micra, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, and Helicobacter pylori were detected by a polymerase chain reaction technique using saliva, tongue and stomach biopsy samples. Results Statistical analysis demonstrated that periodontopathogens were highly frequent in the mouth (up to 91.4%). In the bariatric surgically treated group, orally, P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia were more frequent in periodontitis, while C. rectus was more frequent in non-periodontitis subjects. Stomach biopsies also revealed the high frequency of five oral species in both candidates for bariatric surgery (91.6%) and the bariatric (83.3%) groups. H. pylori was frequently detected in the mouth (50.0%) and stomach (83.3%). In the stomach, oral species and H. pylori appeared in lower frequency in the bariatric group. Conclusions Obese individuals showed high frequencies of periodontopathogens and H. pylori in their mouths and stomachs. Bariatric surgery showed an inverse microbial effect on oral and stomach environments by revealing higher oral and lower stomach bacterial frequencies.

Avaliação clínica periodontal em indivíduos portadores de síndrome de down / Periodontal clinical evaluation in individuals with Down Syndrome

A doença periodontal é causada por fatores etiológicos locais, especialmente o biofilme dentário, alguns tipos de distúrbios sistêmicos podem reduzir ou alterar a resposta do hospedeiro e, então, predispor a alterações periodontais. A dificuldade na escovação é um fator importante para o surgimento da doença periodontal em adolescentes com Síndrome de Down. O objetivo foi avaliar os parâmetros clínicos periodontais em indivíduos portadores de Síndrome de Down. Foram avaliados um total de 44 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros e faixa etária de 13 à 24 anos, 22 indivíduos apresentavam Síndrome de Down e 22 sem síndrome. Parâmetros periodontais como profundidade de sondagem, índice de placa e de sangramento foram mensurados. Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos, grupo 1 com Síndrome de Down, média de idade de 17,8 anos e grupo 2 com indivíduos sem síndrome e com média de idade de 17,7 anos. O grupo 1 teve 2.17 mm de média de profundidade de sondagem, enquanto o grupo 2 teve média de 2,59 mm. Para o índice de placa, foi observada 31,8% dos indivíduos do grupo 1 enquanto no grupo 2 em 54,5%. Para o índice de sangramento a sondagem, observou-se que 40,9% dos indivíduos do grupo 1 tinham sangramento a sondagem e no grupo 2 59,1% apresentavam sangramento, com diferença estatística entre os grupos (p<0,05). Os indivíduos com Síndrome de Down apresentaram parâmetros clínicos periodontais compatíveis com saúde periodontal e quando comparados com indivíduos saudáveis não apresentam diferenças clinicas.

Periodontal disease is caused by local etiological factors, particularly the dental biofilm, some types of systemic disorders may reduce or alter the host response and then predisposes to periodontal changes. The difficulty in brushing is an important factor for the onset of periodontal disease in adolescents with Down syndrome. The objective was to evaluate the clinical periodontal parameters in individuals with Down syndrome. We evaluated a total of 44 individuals of both genders and aged 13 to 24 years, 22 subjects had Down syndrome and 22 without the syndrome. Periodontal parameters such as probing depth, plaque index and bleeding were measured. The subjects were divided into two groups, group 1 with Down Syndrome, mean age of 17.8 years and group 2 with individuals without the syndrome and with a mean age of 17.7 years. Group 1 was 2.17 mm average probing depth, while group 2 had a mean of 2.59 mm. For plaque index, it was observed 31.8% of subjects in Group 1 while in group 2 was 54.5%. For the survey bleeding index, it was observed that 40.9% of Group 1 subjects had bleeding on probing and group 2 59.1% had bleeding, with no statistical difference between the groups (p <0.05). We conclude that individuals with Down syndrome showed better gingival bleeding rates than those without dental syndrome by receiving periodic treatment in the educational institution they attend.

A. actinomycetemcomitans profile and red complex bacterial species of an Afro-Brazilian community: A comparative study.

PURPOSES: The primary aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the levels of red complex bacteria between Afro-Brazilian and non Afro-Brazilian cohort. The secondary aim was to compare the distribution of both Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b and its JP2 strains among participants who harboured this bacterial species. METHODS: A total of 84 individuals were included in this study: 42 Afro-descendants (mean age 35.9 ± 13.1 years) and 42 non-Afro-descendants (mean age 36.2 ± 13.1 years) matched (1:1) by periodontal diagnosis, age and gender. All participants received clinical examinations of periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and plaque and gingival indices. Subgingival samples were taken for microbial analysis. First, genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted and purified and the quantification of total number of bacterial cells, A. actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola was carried out by qPCR. Then, A. actinomycetemcomitans strains were classified according to serotype b and JP2 profiles by conventional PCR. RESULTS: Clinically, mean PD, mean CAL and percentage of CAL ≥ 3 mm differed between groups (Student's t-test p<0.05). The levels of red complex bacteria between Afro-Brazilian and non-Afro-Brazilian populations were similar. The exception was verified to A. actinomycetemcomitans showing significantly higher levels among Afro-Brazilian descendants in comparison to non-Afro-Brazilian descendants. Afro-Brazilian descendants were clearly infected by more virulent serotype b and JP2 strains. CONCLUSIONS: Despite no statistically significant differences related to the red complex species, Afro-Brazilian descendants harboured higher levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Also, our findings confirm that Afro-descendant populations are preferably colonised by A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b as well as JP2 strains.

Salivary and microbiological parameters of chronic periodontitis subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study / Parâmetros salivares e microbiológicos em indivíduos com periodontite crônica com ou sem diabetes melito tipo 2: estudo caso-controle

Background: Several studies have investigated the differences in salivary parameters and microbial composition between diabetic and non-diabetic patients, however, specific differences are still not clear mainly due to the effects of confounder. Aim: The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the salivary and microbial parameters of chronic periodontitis subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and method: This case-control study included 60 chronic periodontitis subjects, 30 diabetics (case group) and 30 non-diabetics (control group), paired according to periodontitis severity, gender and age. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from all volunteers to measure the salivary pH and the salivary flow rate. Bacterial samples were collected with paper points from periodontal sites showing the deepest periodontal pocket depth associated with the highest clinical attachment loss. The frequency of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and C. rectus was evaluated by PCR. Data was statistically analyzed by Student's t, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square (p<0.05). Result: Diabetic subjects showed higher salivary glucose levels and lower stimulated flow rates in comparison to non-diabetic controls. P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were the most frequent pathogens (p<0.05). Bacterial frequency did not differ between case and control groups. Conclusion: Diabetes status influenced salivary glucose levels and flow rate. Within the same severity of chronic periodontitis, diabetic subjects did not show higher frequency of periodontal pathogens in comparison to their paired controls. .

Introdução : Diversos estudos têm investigado as diferenças dos parâmetros salivares e microbianos entre pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos, contudo, diferenças específicas ainda não estão claras, principalmente devido aos efeitos de variáveis de confusão. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo caso-controle foi avaliar os parâmetros salivares e microbianos de indivíduos com doença periodontal crônica com ou sem diagnóstico de diabetes melito tipo 2. Material e método: Este estudo caso-controle incluiu 60 indivíduos com periodontite crônica, 30 diabéticos (casos) e 30 não diabéticos (controles), pareados pela severidade da doença periodontal, gênero e idade. Saliva total estimulada foi coletada de todos os voluntários para mensuração do pH salivar e fluxo salivar. Amostras bacterianas foram coletadas com pontas de papel absorvente dos sítios periodontais com maior profundidade de sondagem e perda de inserção clínica. A frequência de A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia e C. rectus foi avaliada por PCR. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste t de Student, Mann -Whitney e Qui-quadrado (p < 0,05). Resultado: Diabéticos apresentaram maior nível de glicose salivar e menor fluxo salivar em comparação aos não diabéticos. P. gingivalis e T. forsythia foram os patógenos mais frequentes (p < 0,05). Frequência bacteriana não diferiu entre os casos e controles. Conclusão: A condição diabetes influenciou o fluxo e os níveis de glicose salivar. Dentro da mesma severidade da periodontite crônica, indivíduos diabéticos não mostraram maior frequência de patógenos periodontais em comparação aos seus controles. .

Avaliação clínica da raspagem dental em associação ao uso de azitromicina ou clorexidina no tratamento periodontal por meio de ensaio clínico controlado randomizado / Clinical evaluation of scaling and root planing associated with azithromycin or chlorhexidine: a randomized controlled clinical trial

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio de ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, a efetividade da técnica one stage full mouth disinfection (FMD) e sua associação com clorexidina ou azitromicina em relação à raspagem e alisamento radicular por quadrante (RAR) associada à clorexidina e azitromicina sob uma perspectiva clínica (avaliação da profundidade de sondagem e nível clínico de inserção). Neste ensaio clínico controlado randomizado foram avaliados 77 indivíduos divididos em 6 grupos: FMD-CX (raspagem e alisamento radicular de todos os dentes em 24 h associada à clorexidina n= 15), FMD (raspagem e alisamento radicular de todos os dentes em 24 h– n=10), FMD-AZ (raspagem e alisamento radicular de todos os dentes em 24 h + azitromicina – n=15), RAR-AZ (raspagem e alisamento radicular por quadrante em intervalos semanais + azitromicina – n=11), RAR-CX (raspagem e alisamento radicular por quadrante, em intervalos semanais + clorexidina – n=13), RAR (raspagem e alisamento radicular, por quadrantes, em intervalos semanais – n=13). Os parâmetros clínicos foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) baseado em um planejamento para medidas repetidas e teste de comparações múltiplas de médias. O grupo FMD-CX mostrou maior redução da profundidade de sondagem e ganho do nível clínico de inserção que os demais. Os grupos que utilizaram azitromicina não mostraram melhores resultados clínicos. Pode-se concluir que a utilização da clorexidina nos grupos FMD-CX e RAR-CX mostrou melhores resultados clínicos. Por outro lado, a utilização da azitromicina não apresentou melhorias nesses parâmetros.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, through randomized controlled clinical trial, the effectiveness of the technique one stage full mouth disinfection (FMD) and its association with chlorhexidine or azithromycin compared to scaling and root planing per quadrant (RAR) associated with chlorhexidine and azithromycin under a clinical perspective (assessment of probing depth and clinical attachment level). In this randomized controlled trial were evaluated 77 patients divided into 6 groups: FMD-CX (scaling and root planing of all teeth in 24 h associated with chlorhexidine n = 15), FMD (scaling and root planing of all teeth in 24 h - n = 10), FMD-AZ (scaling and root planing of all teeth in 24 h + azithromycin - n = 15), RAR-AZ (scaling and root planing per quadrant at weekly intervals azithromycin + - n = 11), RAR-CX (scaling and root planing per quadrant, at weekly intervals chlorhexidine + - n = 13), RAR (scaling and root planing, per quadrant, at weekly intervals - n = 13). The clinical parameters were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on a planning for repeated measures and multiple comparisons of means test. The FMD-CX group showed greater reduction in probing depth and gain in clinical attachment level than the others. Groups using azithromycin did not show improved clinical outcomes. It can be conclude that the use of chlorhexidine groups FMD-CX and CX-RAR showed the best clinical results. On the other hand, the use of azithromycin in these parameters showed no improvement.

Níveis comparativos pré- e pós-tratamento de CSV, carga bacteriana total subgengival e sangramento gengival / Pre-and post-treatment comparative levels of VSC, subgingival total bacterial load and gingival bleeding

O objetivo deste ensaio clínico randomizado de 3 meses de duração foi avaliar os efeitos da combinação de procedimentos mecânicos e químicos sobre os níveis de sangramento gengival, Compostos Sulfurados Voláteis (CSV) e carga total bacteriana de pacientes com gengivite. Sessenta voluntários sistemicamente saudáveis com gengivite foram divididos em dois grupos: raspagem profissional associada ao uso diário de óleos essenciais (20ml/2x/dia) ou solução placebo (20ml/2x/dia). Todos os participantes receberam instruções de higiene bucal. Índice de sangramento gengival, carga bacteriana total subgengival (PCR em tempo real) e concentrações de CSV (dosador portátil Halimeter) foram mensurados antes e 90 dias após o tratamento gengival. Os dados foram comparados estatisticamente pelos teste t-Student e teste t-pareado (p < 0,05). Resultados: Finalizaram o estudo 27 indivíduos no grupo teste e 25 no grupo placebo. A carga bacteriana total e o IG reduziram mais evidentemente no grupo teste do que no grupo placebo. No grupo teste os valores médios de CSV reduziram de 94,62ppb (inicial) para 62,19ppb (3 meses) enquanto no grupo placebo eles se mantiveram estáveis entre as mensurações inicial (93,46ppb) e de 3 meses (95,00ppb). Conclusões: o tratamento gengival seguido de 90 dias de uso de solução de óleos essenciais acarretou melhora dos parâmetros monitorados, IG, carga total bacteriana e CSV.

The aim of this 3-month randomized clinical study was to evaluate the effects of the combination of mechanical and chemical procedures over the levels of gingival bleeding, VSC and total bacterial load in patients with gingivitis. Sixty systemically healthy individuals with gingivitis were randomized in two groups: professional debridement along with the daily use of essential oils (20ml/2x/day) or of a placebo solution (20ml/2x/day). All participants received oral hygiene instructions. Gingival Index, total bacterial load (real time PCR) and VSC concentration (portable Halimeter) were measured at baseline and at 90 days after gingival treatment. Data were statistically compared by Student-t test and paired-t test (p < 0.05). Results: Twenty-seven individuals finished the study in the test group and 25 in the placebo group. Total bacterial load and GI were greatest reduced in the test group than in the placebo group. Mean VSC values in the test group were reduced from 94,62ppb (at baseline) to 62,19ppb (3 months) while in the placebo group measures continued stable between baseline (93,46ppb) and (95,00ppb) 3-month examinations. Conclusions: Gingival treatment followed by the use of essential oils for 90 days lead to an improvement in the monitored parameters, GI, total bacterial load and VSC.

Avaliação clínica periodontal de indivíduos portadores de aparelhos ortodônticos com braquetes convencionais e autoligáveis / Evaluation of periodontal clinical parameters of patients with orthodontic appliances with conventional and self-ligating brackets

O acúmulo de biofilme dental proporcionado pela presença dos aparelhos ortodônticos pode, em alguns casos, iniciar ou manter quadros patológicos de gengivite e periodontite. Com o aprimoramento das técnicas e materiais, surgiram no mercado os braquetes autoligáveis que não necessitam de ligaduras elásticas ou metálicas para manter o fio em posição. Sabe-se que a presença e a degradação elástica podem acentuar a quantidade de biofilme acumulado. O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar qual o grau de comprometimento periodontal verificado com o uso de braquetes convencionais (de ligadura elástica) e braquetes autoligáveis. Foram avaliados 32 voluntários: 16 indivíduos portadores de aparelhos com braquetes convencionais e 16 indivíduos portadores de aparelhos com braquetes autoligáveis. Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos periodontais como profundidade de sondagem (PS), índice de placa (IP) e índice gengival (IG). Os resultados mostraram valores de PS semelhantes, sem diferença entre os grupos. Para IP e IG foi observada diferença estatística apenas quando avaliada a presença de biofilme junto ao braquete, sendo maior nos indivíduos com aparelhos convencionais (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a retenção de biofilme junto ao braquete é maior nos aparelhos convencionais, devido à necessária incorporação de elementos de ligadura no sistema de união braquete-fio e que avaliações em longo prazo permitirão verificar condições semelhantes em pacientes com uso estendido de aparelhos ortodônticos

The accumulation of biofilm provided by the presence of orthodontic appliances may, in some cases, initiate or maintain pathological gingivitis and periodontitis. With the improvement of techniques and materials, have emerged in the market ligating that do not require metal or elastic bandages to keep the wire in place. It is known that the presence and elastic degradation can enhance the amount of accumulated biofilm. The aim of this study is to assess the degree of periodontal involvement checked using conventional brackets (for ligation) and ligating. We evaluated 32 subjects: 16 individuals with devices with conventional brackets and 16 individuals with ligating appliances. We evaluated clinical periodontal parameters such as probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI). The results showed similar values of PS, with no difference between groups. For IP and IG, statistical difference was observed only when the presence of biofilm assessed by the bracket, being higher in individuals with braces (p <0.05). Concluded that the retention bracket along the biofilm is higher in conventional devices, because the necessary incorporation of elements of the system ligation bracket-wire bonding, and long-term evaluations will check conditions similar in patients with extended use of apparatus orthodontics.

Frequency of periodontal pathogens in equivalent peri-implant and periodontal clinical statuses.

OBJECTIVES: This study tested the hypotheses that there is: (1) higher bacterial frequency in peri-implantitis/periodontitis, followed by mucositis/gingivitis and peri-implant/periodontal health; (2) similar bacterial frequency between comparable peri-implant and periodontal clinical statuses. DESIGN OF STUDY: The presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was evaluated in peri-implant (n=53) and periodontal (n=53) health; mucositis (n=50), gingivitis (n=50), peri-implantitis (n=50) and periodontitis (n=50). RESULTS: The pattern of peri-implant bacterial frequency was not as expected (peri-implantitis>mucositis>health). Except for P. intermedia (p>0.05), bacterial frequency was higher in peri-implantitis than health (p<0.05). The frequency of P.gingivalis and red complex species were higher in peri-implantitis than mucositis (p<0.05). In periodontal samples, T. forsythia and T. denticola showed the expected pattern of frequency (periodontitis>gingivitis>health). The frequencies of C. rectus and T. forsythia were higher in healthy teeth/gingivitis than healthy implants/mucositis, respectively (p<0.05). The frequency of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were similar between periodontitis and peri-implantitis (p>0.05) while all other species occurrences were higher in periodontitis than peri-implantitis (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial frequency increased from peri-implant/periodontal health to peri-implantitis/periodontitis but not from mucositis/gingivitis to peri-implantitis/periodontitis. There was a trend towards higher bacterial frequency in teeth than implants.

Avaliação da eficácia clínica e microbiana de dois protocolos terapêuticos periodontais / Clinical and microbial efficacy of two periodontal therapeutic protocols

O objetivo principal deste ensaio clínico randomizado foi o de avaliar a efetividade clínica e microbiana da terapia de raspagem dental realizada por quadrante em relação a raspagem dental em estágio único. Para responder este objetivo foram incluídos 20 indivíduos com periodontite crônica avançada distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos a saber: Grupo 1 (10 indivíduos-Raspagem Quadrante), Grupo 2 (10 indivíduos-Raspagem Estágio Único). Mensurações longitudinais foram realizadas durante todo o ensaio confrontando parâmetros clínicos de profundidade de sondagem e nível de inserção clínica para avaliação das terapias. Análise microbiana quantitativa (qPCR) da espécie A. actinomycetemcomitans e P. gingivalis em função do evento “raspagem dental” foi realizada em toda a população do estudo nas etapas pré raspagem [T0] e pós raspagem [T1]. As amostras intrassulculares para a análise do qPCR foram coletadas dos cinco dentes com maior evidência de atividade de doença periodontal ou seja, com as maiores profundidades de sondagem associadas a perda de inserção clínica. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por teste t pareado (p<0.05). Os resultados mostraram que em ambos os grupos houve uma melhora clínica tanto do parâmetro profundidade de sondagem quanto do nível de inserção clinica, já para a frequência dos patógenos testados verificou-se que similarmente ocorreu redução microbiana nos dois grupos investigados. Após análise dos dados conclui-se que ambos protocolos terapêuticos aqui investigados foram eficazes tanto clínica quanto microbiologicamente

The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical and microbial effects of scaling and root planing using quadrant debridement or full-mouth debridement. A total of 20 patients diagnosed severe chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this survey: Ten subjects were allocated in quadrant debridement group and 10 subjects in full-mouth debridement group. Longitudinal clinical measurements such as periodontal pocket depth as well as clinical attachment loss were investigated at baseline and at 90 days in both therapies. Also, microbial analysis were performed by qPCR to detect the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. We collected subgingival samples of 5 severe site from each patient. All clinical and microbial data were analyzed by t student test (p<0.05) and the results showed that both periodontal treatment exhibited good results. Then, we concluded that both treatments provide clinical and microbial benefits for all included patients

Avaliação dos cuidados odontológicos pré e trans tratamento radioterápico / Evaluation of dental care pre and trans radiotherapy

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, através de questionários, se pacientes irradiados na cabeça e pescoço receberam adequadamente os cuidados odontológicos antes e durante o tratamento radioterápico para minimizar ou prevenir tais efeitos e também avaliar os hábitos de higiene bucal desses pacientes. Foram avaliados 21 pessoas em tratamento no Hospital Frei Galvão, Guaratinguetá/SP. Destes, sete realizaram aplicações por 15 dias (1 a 20 aplicações), sete por 30 dias (21 a 30 aplicações) e sete por 60 dias (31 a 40 aplicações). Dos 21 pacientes, 16 (76,1%) eram do gênero masculino e 5 (23,8%) do gênero feminino, os resultados demonstraram que 15 (71,4%) passaram por tratamento odontológico antes do tratamento radioterápico; 18 (85,7%) referiram efeitos da radiação, sendo os mais citados: xerostomia 17 (80,9%), disgeusia 17 (80,9%) e manchas ou irritações na pele 14 (66,6%). Em relação à higiene bucal 8 (38,10%) escovam os dentes três vezes ao dia, apenas 5 (23,8%) realizaram raspagem periodontal nos últimos 6 meses. Sendo assim, conclui-se que a radiação afetou um percentual significativo da amostra causando algum dano bucal; apesar da maioria dos pacientes realizarem tratamento odontológico antes do tratamento radioterápico apenas um se consultou durante a realização do mesmo. O conhecimento sobre higiene bucal ficou aquém do esperado

The aim of this study was to evaluate through questionnaires if patients irradiated in the head and neck, properly received dental care before and during radiotherapy treatment in order to prevent or minimize such effects and evaluate the oral hygiene habits realized. Out of 21 patients under treatment at Frei Galvão Hospital (Guaratinguetá/SP), 7 realized applications for 15 days (1 to 20 applications), 7 for 30 days (21 to 30 applications) and 7 for 60 days (31 to 40 applications). Among the 21 participants, 16 (76.1%) were male and 5 (23.8%) were female. Results showed that 15 (71.4%) underwent dental treatment before radiotherapy; 18 (85.7%) reported effects of radiation being the most cited: xerostomia 17 (80.9%), dysgeusia 17 (80.9%) and blemishes or skin irritation 14 (66.6%). Regarding oral hygiene 8 (38.10%) brush their teeth three times a day, only 5 (23.8%) underwent periodontal scaling 6 months prior to radiation. Thus, it was concluded that radiation affected a significant percentage of the sample causing some oral damage; although most patients have been treated before radiotherapy only one was monitored during it. Knowledge about oral hygiene was less than expected.

Validation of the anti-bacteremic efficacy of an essential oil rinse in a Brazilian population: a cross-over study

This cross-over study was conducted to assess the germ-killing efficacy of an essential oil mouthrinse (EOM) by determining the blood levels of microorganisms associated with induced bacteremia and investigating the prevalence of this event in Brazilians with mild-to-moderate gingivitis. Thirty four (31.19%) subjects positive for bacteremia induced by chewing a ration of apple were enrolled out of 109 screened subjects (50 males and 59 females). A difference of at least 10 colony forming units between the pre- and post-insult blood samples was defined as a positive result. For the following two weeks patients underwent a toothbrush plus fluoride dentifrice normalization period, and were then scheduled for the Phase I protocol as follows. At baseline I, subjects were instructed to chew a new apple ration, had new blood samples taken before and after this oral stimulus, and were randomly assigned to an experimental essential oil (n = 17) or placebo (P) mouthrinse (n = 17) treatment for 2 weeks. These procedures were repeated at the end of Phase I and then followed by a two-week wash-out period (tooth brushing with fluoride dentifrice). Bacteremia was again induced at baseline and at the end of Phase II, when subjects were crossed-over to the other EOM or placebo groups. Bacterial count differences between baseline and 2-week post-treatment (EOM versus P) in the blood samples collected were assessed by analysis of covariance. Mean aerobic counts decreased by 45.8%, whereas mean anaerobic counts decreased by 63.3% after EOM treatment. After the P treatment, aerobic bacteria increased by 28.4% and anaerobic bacteria decreased by 18.5%. This study validated this novel methodology and showed that the germ-killing action of EOM significantly reduced bacteremia.

Do elderly edentulous patients with a history of periodontitis harbor periodontal pathogens?

OBJECTIVES: The presence of periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity may impact implant survival. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Eikenella corrodens, and Parvimonas micra in a specific elderly population with a history of periodontitis who have never worn dentures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty dentate subjects (mean age 61.7 +/- 7.05 years) and 30 edentulous subjects (mean age 65.8 +/- 8.05 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. Microbiological samples of cheek mucosa and the dorsum of the tongue were taken from all subjects. In addition, sulcus samples were taken from the dentate group. All samples were analysed using a bacterial DNA-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: All the pathogens studied were detected in dentate and edentulous subjects. When cheek and tongue samples were combined, C. rectus, A. actinomycetemcomitans and E. corrodens presented with a similar prevalence in both groups, whereas the other species were more prevalent specifically in the dentate group (P<0.05). In dentate subjects, P. intermedia and T. denticola were present in higher frequencies in the cheek mucosa (26.67% and 66.67%, respectively), whereas P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were more prevalent in the tongue samples (26.67% and 56.67%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal pathogens may persist in the oral cavity of edentulous subjects who have had periodontal disease, even 1 year after the extraction of all teeth and in the absence of other hard surfaces in the mouth.